Tyco essay

Tyco International Inc.
Student’s Name
University Affiliation










Tyco International Inc.
Introduction
Tyco International Inc.is a large conglomerate that operates globally in the manufacture of wide products variety such as healthcare products, security systems, electronic components, and fire products. Dennis Kozlowski assumed the leadership position of the CEO at the firm in the year 1992 from his former CFO and executive president’s position. During his term as the CEO, Kozlowski was very aggressive in gaining mergers and acquisitions. Kozlowski picked his crony as the members of the board of directors to compose the corporate governance of the firm. Some rumors started spreading out that the organization was producing some irregular accounting habits after a stock split in 1999 by Tyco leaders denied the claim (Kemmerer & Shawver, 2007). The business operations under Kozlowski as the CEO resulted in several mergers with Tyco International buying several businesses which made the profits for the company to exceed $30B.  The board of directors ordered investigations on the incorrect behaviors of their members in 2002 where the scandal was revealed. Unethical financial practices at Tyco International Inc. costed various stakeholders and almost caused the collapse of the organization.
Ethical issues arising from the Tyco International Inc. scandal
The ethical issue arising from the case of Tyco International case is unethical financial practices. Kozlowski received the money that was acquired illegally from Tyco. He held the most key position with trust from the shareholders and the board of directors but used this position in creating financial benefits for himself and his family. Kozlowski covered his misconducts by giving financial benefits to his junior members and other top executives who also got involved in unethical financial activities and covered up so that he could not be caught (Jonathan, 2017). The subordinate members recruited to support and cover up Kozlowski in his unethical business undertakings remained silent for the fear of losing their jobs or for financial benefits. Kozlowski actions demonstrate unethical financial practices that affected the company so severe that it almost collapsed.
Unethical financial practices were also manifested through unethical practices that were supposed to point out and stop the illegal financial transactions that were taking place in the firm. The PricewaterhouseCoopers Company was responsible for checking the financial reports for Tyco international but they failed to identify the illegal financial transactions that Kozlowski had done (Jonathan, 2017). This gave Kozlowski the confidence to continue with his unethical financial activities even more extensively that it continued affecting the shareholders. Lacking the constraining influence that the auditing firm could have had made the practice to become even more difficult to control.
In each of the ethical issues that Tyco encountered under Kozlowski, subordinates and some other senior executive members were engaged in ethical dilemmas of revealing the unethical financial undertakings of their boss and probably lose their job or keep silent where they would retain their jobs and get promotions. The parties to keep quiet and receive financial benefits while the shareholders continued to suffer the consequences (Benabou & Tirole, 2010). However, the decision of the board to replace Kozlowski with Edward Breen as the CEO after learning the truth saved the shareholders and the firm.
Stakeholders affected by Tyco International Inc. Scandal
The financial ethical violations that affected Tyco International Inc. affected the various stakeholders including the government, the employees, the public and the shareholders. The unethical financial transactions are not usually recorded in the accounting records for the firm for the purposes of taxation. The failure of the auditing firm to reveal the accounting ethics resulted in the future extension of the matter that the government lost a lot of money through failing to tax the huge amounts of stolen money (Thanos, 2015). The public was also affected by the scandal because they lost trust with the firm and all the products it manufactured. When the firm was almost collapsing, the public could not get the services/products efficiently as was the case before, hence suffering the ethical misconduct in the organization. The employees were affected by being subjected to the fear of losing their jobs if the company would collapse. Besides, they had to work extra harder to revive the company that was almost collapsing following the scandal. The shareholders were also put in a situation where they incurred a lot of losses as the CEO exploited their resources to his benefits and risked losing their investments if the company would collapse.
The decision made by the involved parties
The suspicion by part of the members of the board of directors made the decision to have investigations carried out on the organization. After the revelation that the CEO was involved in unethical financial practices, he was taken to court and resigned from the position of the CEO (Jerry, 2012). The CFO chair and other involved leaders were fired as well. The decision by the board to investigate and finally fire the corrupt leaders was ethical and was the reason the organization was in a position to stand again (Jared, 2003). The performance of the Tyco International started failing when the scandal was revealed in the year 2002 but soon Edward Breen replaced Kozlowski as the CEO where the company started to recover slowly.
A personal view on business ethics
My understanding of business ethics has been enforced by reading the case of Tyco International Inc. Scandal. The case has enabled me to understand how unethical business activities take place in real world practice. Reading the case has helped me to relate the concepts of business ethics I have learned throughout the lesson, giving me a deeper insight into the matter. Importantly, the lessons have enabled me to learn and understand clearly what business ethics means and the kind of transactions and conducts that reflect unethical financial practices. My knowledge and understanding were therefore enhanced by attending the lessons. For instance, I initially understood business ethics as only a matter of treating the customers in the wrong way or being dishonest to them. However, I have learned through the course that there are much more than this after attending the lesson and reading the case beyond dishonesty. However, the course has made me understand that ethics extend to conduct of the of the business leaders in ways that violate the business code of conduct. For instance, it can include illegal firing, financial frauds, being dishonest, conflict of interest and bribery among malpractices in a business setting (Ferrell, 2004). Therefore, the lessons have deepened my understanding of business ethics.
Conclusion
Financial ethical malpractices are very costly for the company and the shareholders. It is necessary for every stakeholder to do their part in ensuring the business runs ethically because everyone will be affected by the consequences of financial ethical malpractice. Tyco International Inc. unethical financial practices costed various stakeholders and almost caused the collapse of the business organization.

Math

Question 1
Since n is composite then we have an ab=n where  if both factors a and b are considered to be > then their product n=ab would be >  =n which is a contradiction thus either a or b must not > that is
But we know that a has a prime divisor (), so n has same divisor (2)
Question 2
a)
proved by contradiction of the well ordering principle.
Assume that  is a strictly decreasing infinite sequence of natural numbers. Expressed as n1>n2>…nk
 Then  is a nonempty subset of natural numbers which has no smallest element. This contradicts the well-ordering principle.
Thus, there can be no strictly decreasing infinite sequences of natural numbers. In other words, every strictly decreasing sequence of natural numbers must be finite.
b)
suppose N be set of natural number of the form n-dp where q is a natural number. This set is nonempty since -dp can be made as large as possible.
Using well ordering property, N has a least set  where  and that r<d if not then n not a member of N. to show this suppose r≥d because  it follows that  and consequently q and r with 0≤ r <d.
To prove for uniqueness
Suppose we have two pairs (q,r) and
So that
We will show that the pairs are really the same


Therefore

The only multiple of d in the range is 0 thus we conclude that

Thus, the number q and r are unique as shown above

Question 3
a)
When n = 1 the result is clear, 13 = 12
Assume the result is true for n = k, that is
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... k3 = (1 + 2 + 3 +...k)2
Let n = k + 1, then
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... n3
= 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... + (k+1)3
= (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k)2 + (k+1)3
= (k(k+1)/2)2 + (k+1)3
= (k2 (k+1)2)/4 + (k+1)3
= (k+1)2/4 (k2 + 4k + 4)
= ((k+1)2 (k+2)2)/4
= ((k+1)(k+2)/2)2
= (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (k+1))2
Thus 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + ... n3 = (1+2+3+...n)2 for all positive intergers n.
b)

























Question 4
a)
to show  has no solutions we have


Thus
 thus no solutions are found
Further test if

However, since 0 mod 6 = 1
Then  does not have solutions

b)

Question 5
a)
if 12345678923



17= 13*1 remainder 4
Thus, remainder after division by 13 is 4
b)
12345678923^123
First check divisibility of 12345678923
=

=
Question 6
a)
to show  has no solutions we have


Thus
 thus no solutions are found
Further test if

However, since 0 mod 6 = 1
Then  does not have solutions
Further testing for mod 5 we have;
 
x = 2
x = 3
thus 0 mod 5 has solutions


b)
if any two real numbers a and b, if ab = 0 then either a = 0 or b = 0 is true in that multiple of zero are always zero, this statement is true for  mod 6 that is, if ab ≡ 0 (mod 6), is either a ≡ 0 (mod 6) or b ≡ 0 (mod 6), and considering 0mod(6)=0
then given a or b is =0 then ab≡0≡0 mod 6
thus, the case applies to mod 6.
c)
d)
e)

Woolworths

Name

Institutional Affiliation

The rationale of the Proposed Business Process

The proposed business process is comprehensive when compared to the current business process. As the new markets are changing continually, there is a need for the business processes to be continually drafted with appropriate changes and implementing them. In the proposed business process, it can be observed clearly that it contains crucial market sectors in the product supply and manufacture. Customers are increasingly being choosy in the world market, hence there is a need to produce quality goods to gain their loyalty and satisfaction. The existing goods and service providers must be ensured that it reaches the stipulated standards by the relevant authorities in the society.

In that respect, the proposed business process has appreciated the role of quality management by introducing the quality control sector in between the suppliers and customers. All the goods must be accessed by the quality control before the consumption of the goods takes place. Basically, the quality control sector is a set department that has been given the standards that the goods in the circulation must have in order to be allowed to be in the circulation. The set standards usually moderate the amount in which the proportions of the components of the specific goods must hold. Also, in the service provision sector, quality control determines the expected service provision must be attained. Quality of the product according to the organization is usually measured according to the performance, reliability, and durability. The quality control may also choose to include the total management or six sigma approaches to the business in order to boost the performance of the business. As in the proposed business process, all the goods from the suppliers must pass through the quality control department. This ensures that the suppliers are kept in the check so that they are ascertained for consistent quality. Importantly, quantity management ensures that there is an increase in revenues and productivity in the business. Money is usually a motivating factor. An increased cash flow in the business means that there would be a consistent employees’ reward system. This is ensured by the fact the customers are loyalty would be gained.

On the other hand, the warehouse has been introduced for the storage of the goods before it gets to the consumers. Warehouse usually serves in the temporary storage of goods before being supplied to the consumers. The warehouse is critical in the sense that, it ensures the reliability of the product in the market. Goods are produced in slightly large quantities so that they are stored in the warehouse for security. As the goods are being transferred to the stores for availability of the customers, the warehouse communicates with the suppliers so that consistency in the supply of the goods is realized. Often, warehouses are designed to serve various functions in the business processes. Warehouses can be held responsible for repackaging, branding, grading and even further processing of goods. In this regard, the warehouse is very important in the realization of quality products. Arguably, business marketing teams usually find it easy to market their products to customers when quality is good, as opposed to quantity. The movement of the goods to the store also makes the customers have a direct view of the products before they buy. It is in the store where goods are displayed. The customers are given the privileges of having a clear view of the items before they consider purchasing them.

Importantly, the current business process structure does not allow relay of feedback to the suppliers. The proposed business process is designed to allow for feedback in the business.in essence, this ensures that the customers’ reviews are taken into consideration seriously. In fact, it can be noted that customers are worth more than the price of the goods. Customer satisfaction ensures that the marketing work is made easier. Often in the current markets, it has been noted that customers are the ones that determine when a firm would continually make profits or fail. The presence of the returning to supply stage in the business ensures that corrections are always made in the production of goods. When the reviews of the goods are well-analyzed by the returning centers, the production and consumption rates of the goods would always be boosted in the subsequent periods. Also, the introduction of the quality control and returning officer in the proposed business structure would ensure that the workload of the suppliers is lessened. When the suppliers get ample time in the delivery of the commodities, it would always be easier for them to give a reflection on the quotation and expectations that the customers are in demand of. In essence, it is always appropriate to increase the sales in an organization rather than reducing the costs. Reducing the costs in the business would always mean that the services provided in the business are defiant in some ways. On the other hand, businesses that make sure that customers get their best with any type of costs would always, in the long run, enjoy profits.

Information Systems

Examples of information system currently employed in this organization include the executive information system, Transaction Processing System (TPS), Decision Support System (DSS), Management Information System (MIS) and executive information system. The functions of these information systems can be classified according to the different levels of the organizations.  That is the executive, senior management, middle management and the workers. Using these different levels of the organization, one can make a comparison of these information systems in a number of ways.

To begin with, a transaction processing system is a type of information system used at the bottom level of the organization hierarchy. They are normally operated directly by the front line staff who serve to provide key information needed to aid the management of different kinds of operations within the organization. This information is normally attained through the automated tracking of low-level activities along with the basic transactions within the organizations. The functions of TPS can be categorized according to the data processing requirements which include the inputs, processing, and outputs. In regard to inputs, TPS is used to provide transactions and events within the organization while for the processing part TPS is used to provide validation, listing, calculations, merging, sorting, updating and listing. The specific examples of TPS are payroll systems, reservation systems and the system for payments. In regard to the roles of the TPS, this system is basically used to produce information for other systems.

Management information systems are used within the management level of the organization. Specifically, they are employed by the middle managers to ensure a smooth running of the business in the short and medium term. Actually, the MIS was developed to aid in planning, controlling and making decisions. This information system is used to extract data from the TPS and compile them in order to produce information products in different forms according to the desires of the organization’s managers, that is, the decision-making needs of the management. For instance, reports, displays or reports.  MIS is also classified according to the data processing requirements such as inputs, processing, and output. With respect to the input category, MIS is used to internal transactions files and data. Besides, MIS is used to execute the processing functions such as sorting, merging and summarizing. In addition to the processing functions, MIS does the output functions by providing a summary and detailed reports to managers. Examples of MIS used in this organization include the sales management systems, budget systems and personnel and personnel system. Considering the specific roles of MIS, this information system is used to support structured decisions.

The third type of information system used in this organization is the decision support system that is usually used by the senior managers to facilitate the creation of knowledge and integrate it into the organization. In particular, DSS is often used in the analysis of structured information so that managers can project the impacts of their decisions in the future. DSS are generally interactive and they are employed in solving ill-structured information.  In essence, DSS offers the senior managers access and in turn facilitate the exchange of the firm. Moreover, the functions of DSS can also be classified into inputs, processing, and outputs. Some of the DSS functions relating to inputs include the provision of internal transactions, files and external information.  With respect to the processing function, the DSS server to perform modeling, analysis and summarizing. On the other hand, DSS serve the output functions by providing summary reports, forecast and graph. Examples of DSS include group decision support system, logistic system, and spreadsheet models. Generally, the DSS is used to support the ill structure decisions.

The executive information systems also a type of information system used in this organization the, and it is usually found at the top of the organization hierarchy. The aid managers in analyzing the environment in which they operate and identify long-term trend so that they can make plans for the suitable course of action. Information in this system is often structured weakly and they originate from both internal and external sources. Basically, the executive information system is developed to be operated exclusively by the executive without the involvement of other members of the organization, that is, they are tailored for individual usage. Executive information systems are also classified according to it data processing requirement that is the input, processing and output functions. For the input function, the executive information system provides the external data and internal files. Considering the processing function, the executive information system serves to summarize information and perform functions such as simulation while for the output function, the executive information system helps in producing summary reports and graphs.

Reflection

In this research, I have learned critical business concepts that can be applicable to various situations in the coming business critical conditions. In business continuity, it is always a motivating factor to realize that the business is making progress towards the global market. A renovation and continued strategic implementations would always ensure that the business is self-sustaining while making profits. It is a common tendency in the market to observe dynamic changes in production, delivery, and handling of the goods. In particular, I have learned that the proposed business process is aimed at reducing the workload imposed on the suppliers. It is observed that a balanced supply and customer satisfaction increases the rate at which the goods are within the system. More so, the suppliers, who feel so pressed in the acquisition, storage, and dissemination of the goods to the customers would get ample time in trying to regain the existing processes.

In addition, the research has enabled me to understand the value of the various business departments that should be engaged in the business for sustainable growth. The current technology has made it necessary that the sharing of information is enhanced. Advanced technology has made most of the current world technical problems to be approached in categorical and systematic ways that realize good results at the end. In fact, more approaches are being advanced to the financial markets so that sustainability and increased productivity of the firms are achieved. In addition, the production process is evolving and has to be adapted. Businesses have no option in this, rather they have to have to change the production processes so that it fits the current world systems.

Further, the current global trends are being adopted by businesses in order to cope with the rapid market changes. Unlike the past market experiences, it was a common aspect that the normal distribution of the profits and the costs were assumed to prevail. However, the technological market markets can be held responsible for the random processes that have been realized. I have learned that the production process should be well spread among the suppliers and intermediaries. While the past practices were focused on reducing the costs in the production process, the current trends are aimed at manipulating the customers to have a taste of the quality of the goods in order to lure them for long-term goals. In fact, it can be attributed that the costs of the production process. Teamwork is a key component to the current production process. The production systems in place have embraced teamwork. Work which could have been technically being hard is well spread to the society. In particular, the collaboration which the employees express among themselves in the handling, transportation, production, and marketing of the goods increase the movement and sales of the goods. The reviews from the customers are the source of the motivation for the dedicated employees in service delivery. In fact, this ensures that the general work rate is boosted hence more customers are attracted towards the business. Increased productivity and profit-making would ensure that the employees are well appreciated in the business. The introduction of the strategic and succession planning could also be responsible for the future improvements in the business. In fact, this realizes personal morale of the individuals is enhanced hence increased productivity.

References

Bhatia, M. S., & Awasthi, A. (2018). Assessing relationship between quality management systems and business performance and its mediators: SEM approach. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, (just-accepted), 00-00.

Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2015). Management information systems (Vol. 8). Prentice Hall.

Reim, W., Parida, V., & Örtqvist, D. (2015). Product–Service Systems (PSS) business models and tactics–a systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97, 61-75.

Robson, W. (2015). Strategic management and information systems. Pearson Higher Ed.

University Students and Study Habits

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

University students and study habits

The quality of education in Australia is on the decline, due to Australian Education system failure as well as the failure at the individual students majorly based on challenges such as poor study habits (Wilson, Dalton & Baumann, 2018: Haast, 2018). According to a study by (Cerna & Pavliushchenko, 2015), students study habits have a great influence on their performance. This article aims at establishing what makes poor study habits, its causes, and the effects it has on the students.

Study habits refer to the methods that students use during their studies (Khan, 2016). Poor study habits include the inability of students to properly schedule their study time. It also includes the failure of the students to review the right study materials and lack of self-evaluation towards improving academic performance. According to (Fleming, 2018), poor study habits comes because of a lack of effective learning by the students over a period (Crede & Kuncel, 2018).

The causes of poor study habits are failure in the education system and the student's lack of interest. The Australian government has failed to put in place education system and structures that offer the best learning environment for the students (Meeks, Kemp & Stephenson, 2014). The government plays a key role in ensuring skilled teachers are deployed to schools, teachers play a key role in influencing knowledge and skills to the students this includes informing them on the good study habits to improve performance (Haast, 2018). Lack of this leads to the inability of the students to develop good study habits (Williams & Clark, 2012). The universities also lack well-equipped libraries that students can use to carry out their research at their convenience. 

Personal behaviors of the students also cause poor study habits. A report by (Anderson, 2018) indicates that Australian students have increasingly gone through behavior crisis, whereby the frequency of noise making in class is increasingly going up and the students have lacked the ability to concentrate during lessons due to distractions from peers or gadgets such as mobile phones that they carry to class. They also fail to follow up on issues when they fail to understand concepts in class leading to poor performance in mathematics and science subjects.

Poor study habits lead to the failure of students to perform well in their exams. This is a pathway to the poor economic status of the students in the future due to lack of qualifications that would guarantee them getting employment opportunities. Academic failures also affect the social status of the students leading to depression in most cases and lack of self-confidence. Students who fail in exams are likely to look for other ways to survive that include engaging in criminal activities (Khan, 2016).

Poor study habits among students in Australia are caused by the lack of government commitment to improve the education system and lack of students efforts to improve their learning. The effect this has is poor academic performance, which reduces the chances of the student to gain meaningful employment.

References

Anderson, S. (2018). Australian school rankings falling behind the rest of the world. Retrieved from https://www.mamamia.com.au/pisa-results-shows-australias-failing-education-system/

Cerna, M., & Pavliushchenko, K. (2015). Influence of Study Habits on Academic Performance of International College Students in Shanghai.

Crede, M., & Kuncel, N. (2018). Study Habits, Skills, and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performance. Retrieved from https://www.scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/YAN_Project4_article_Sp_2011.pdf

Haast, B. (2018). Review of Peterson & Tudball's Civics and citizenship education in Australia: Challenges, practices and international perspectives. Education Review // Reseñas Educativas, 25. doi: 10.14507/er.v25.2288

Fleming, G. (2018). 5 Bad Study Habits and How to Fix Them. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/bad-study-habits-1857541

Khan, Z. (2016). Factors Effecting on Study Habits. World Journal Of Educational Research, 3(1), 145. doi: 10.22158/wjer.v3n1p145

Meeks, L., Kemp, C., & Stephenson, J. (2014). Standards in Literacy and Numeracy: Contributing Factors. Australian Journal Of Teacher Education, 39(7). doi: 10.14221/ajte.2014v39n7.3

Williams, A., & Clark, L. (2012). Poor Study Skills and Untapped Resources: A Study of Entry-Level Mathematics Students’ Study Habits. Journal Of Studies In Education, 2(2). doi: 10.5296/jse.v2i2.1601

Wilson, R., Dalton, B., & Baumann, C. (2018). Six ways Australia's education system is failing our kids. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/six-ways-australias-education-system-is-failing-our-kids-32958

The relationship between corporate social responsibility, financial performance, and earnings management

Organizations strive to solve the challenges of the society as well as remain profitable. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the strategies used by most organizations to ensure sustainability and profitability; it is also a way of giving back to the society. Despite the increased in-depth studies on CSR, my extensive research revealed that there is a gap in knowledge on relationship between CSR, financial performance, and earnings management. The existing studies do not provide a detailed experimental and hypothetical investigation of the topic.

Having specific interest on tech companies in China due to their importance to the growth and development of the economy, I realized that focusing my study on this area would not just be of interest to me but also of great benefit to the tech companies in China, which forms the purpose and main objective of my research. Hypothesis of the study based on my assumptions were that: 1.CSR has a positive influence on the financial performance and 2: A higher levels of earnings management is related to an increased negative effect on the relationship between financial performance and CSR. From this hypothesis, I was able to form my research objectives and questions that guided the study.

My study was based on secondary data where I researched on different scholarly journals and academic papers due to the extensive nature of the research and the need to save on cost and time. The articles were well cited and referenced in the literature review to ensure integrity of my work. The study adopted qualitative methodology that enabled for collection and analysis of the data to come up with the final report.

The sections of the literature review that formed the integral part of the study were: Understanding the Dimensions of CSR, Theoretical Orientation, Relationship between Earnings Management (EM) and CSR, and Understanding the Relationship between Financial Performance (FP) and CSR. Extensive studies were done in this areas taking into perspective world and local views, and used both current and past literature that were well selected to represent the objectives of my research.

Data Analysis was a vital part of my research, as I had to give the collected qualitative data meaning based on the objectives of my study. The process of data interpretation was hectic and required accuracy as there were possibility of overlap in the interpretation and analysis as a means of achieving suitable conclusion. I applied the relevant principles in qualitative data analysis to get efficient outcomes. The study adopted a Thematic Analysis As an approach to qualitative analysis, it focused on the classification and the presentation of patterns and themes in relation to the data. It provided an opportunity for the understanding of the issue from wider perspective. The success of the method was based on the precise relationship between the concept and a comparison of themes in replicated data, and coding of the variety of collected data.

The situations of thematic data analysis involved Data interpretation, selection on when to use Deductive and Inductive approaches. Analysis of two different phased data, which was adopted in this study as it allowed me to highlight the similarities and the differences within the dataset.

The research process took place in four stages Data Reduction, which  was done in three phases, involving tabulation of data, highlight of shared themes and finally, breaking of data into much smaller segments. Reliability and Validity of themes ensured credibility of the data through evaluation of the themes in order to ensure the representation in the text. The data  was displayed  in form of figures, maps of categories, narrative texts, quotations, charts and graphs which linked and compared the information to reach suitable conclusions and Data drawing and conclusion involved the noting of any patterns, and the grouping of categories.

Study findings

1.      There is a relationship between institutional investors and CSR activities.

2.      Bigger organizations get more consideration from the general population and are under public strain and pressure to show social obligation.

3.      Corporate financial performance influences the fiscal capability to attempt programs for CSR.

Analysis

1.      Organizations are increasingly disclosing their financial reports to the stakeholders, based on the stakeholder’s theory, this play a vital role in the success of the companies.

2.       Socially mindful firms are centered around expanding benefits as well as on cultivating future associations with stakeholders. Since the stakeholders control assets that are basic for the presence of the association.

3.      CSR exercises identified with winning administration rehearse impact organizations' productivity.

4.      Market uncertainty influence the stakeholder’s view of the company’ CSR.

5.      CSR is an essential driver of upgrading money related performance.

Conclusion: There is a connection between CSR, financial performance, and earnings management based on the findings of this study.

Student’s Name:

Professor’s Name:

Course Title:

University of affiliation:

Date of Submission:

Ways of changing children behaviour.

Children behaviour can be changed using various methods. These methods are not limited to changing the behaviour only but, also they can be used to treat other physiological diseases such as depression. I shall explain various methods used and illustrate how these methods impact on the children life.

             Behavioural modification refers to changing the behaviour’s patterns of people, for example, a child behaviour using a certain technique. (Martin et al.), Argues that behavioural modification starts at the tender stages of a person or an animal. For example, dogs are usually trained when they are still young since at a tender age since they can easily be taught various skills and also as they are discipline to their masters. This also applies to the children, whose behaviour can be changed while they are at a young age. Behavioural changing in children can be broadly divided into two categories, but this method of categorization only considers the consequences of behavioural changing. A consequence that increase behaviour is called reinforces. In contrast to the, reinforces, they are those consequences that decrease the probability of occurrence of a behaviour. These are termed as punishers, and the phenomenon is termed punishment. Reinforcement and punishment are commonly confused and misunderstood since they mostly mean the same. For example, to increase the likelihood of specific behaviour in the future Reinforcement is used. After the improvement of the behaviour is shown, a stimulus is exhibited thus presenting Positive and Negative reinforcement. (Biederman et al.) This means that both positive and negative reinforcement can be observed in an individual, but the difference comes from the methods used to bring about the reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement is presented by motivating the child after the desired behaviour is shown. When positive reinforcement is used it increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated. Negative reinforcement is used to increase behaviour by the removal of the consequence. Negative reinforcement should not be used as a stand-in for actual punishment.  Punishment is a consequence of a particular behaviour; the goal is to decrease the frequency of a specific behaviour. (Whitcomb) There are two types of punishment, positive and negative.  Extinction, as it relates to behaviour modification, is used to reduce unwanted behaviour. Extinction is used to decrease behaviours such as tantrums whining and disruptive behaviour.

             Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement is used as a tool to increase a specific behaviour. When using positive reinforcement, it is important to remember that something must be added to have the desired response. When children understand that they will be positively praised, or receive rewards, they will more than likely repeat that behaviour. (De Graaf, Ireen, et al) When using negative reinforcement something must be taken away to receive the desired response. A good example is a child taking the initiative to clean their room so that they will not get yelled at by the parent. Taking child’s playing toys the from them whenever they misbehave acts as a good correctional way since it creates certain fear in the child which will act as a reminder to them whenever they are tempted to repeat the same mistakes. There is no child who will want to lose his or her precious toy, this keeps them off mistakes, and thus they will always try to behave themselves and avoid chaos.  The removal of the negative stimulus will increase the chances of the child cleaning their room more often without being told to do so. (Shaolin, Tadmore et al.)

Punishment is used to decrease specific behaviour. Punishment is most used to discipline children. The child will begin to associate the punishment with negative behaviours. The goal is to deter the child from resorting to bad behaviour. Some examples of punishment are spanking or the removal of privileges. Most children do not like having things taken away from them so they are more than likely to stop those behaviours.   Extinction is the removal of something so that a particular behaviour can be decreased.  When using extinction, most parents will take away games, phones, or play time. This is also a method to control certain behaviours. When dealing with children, this method can sometimes be hard to use because of the lack of understanding and attention spans. Children that suffer from ADD or ADHD can have a hard time being in the position of having things taken away. Their lack of ability to focus usually shifts their attention and they almost immediately forget what was taken away or the reason. (Singh, Nirbhay N,et al.) Argues that children may perform “some subset of the task to be trained and receive reinforcement. Because of attention problems or delays in processing verbal information, the child may misapprehend the contingency underlying this reinforcement, causing disruptions in the learning process.

            Children will more than likely respond to the action that causes them less pain. In certain instances, children will throw a bigger tantrum if spanked because of the dislike of pain. Positive and negative reinforcement is a bigger agent for change. Children will eventually grow out of the need for spanking. Positive and Negative reinforcement can be used throughout the teenage years.  Research has shown that under some conditions, positive reinforcement can be effective for reducing problem behaviour maintained by escape even when extinction is not implemented. Reinforcement studied by who called it classical conditioning conducted studies on animals. Shalon and Tadmore studied the salivary function in dogs. During the study, they noticed that the dogs began to salivate before he would feed them. They concluded that their salivating was due to an expectation of food by the ringing of a bell, their response became learned. Shalon and Tadmore understood that the response to the food unknowingly led the dogs to salivate thus calling it an unconditioned response. The dogs did not respond to the sound of the bell until it was paired with food.  Shalon and Tad more called this response a conditioned stimulus. (Shalon, Tadmore et al.) Classical conditioning happens when an individual has an association between two things. If a child has a fear of going to the doctor, if after each visit the child is presented with a lollipop the child will then condition the doctor’s office with being able to receive a lollipop, and the fear will slowly begin to decrease because the child has replaced fear with a pleasure. 

            It is evident that Parents bring up their children differently and in a different environment, depending on such factors, parents will do what works for their children. There are so many different cultures and backgrounds which also affect the type of behavioural method used. Some cultures do believe in negative and while others do support positive reinforcement. Other cultures believe in punishment and spanking. This implies that there are so many ways to implement behaviour modification techniques. It is therefore advisable for parents to select the most suitable method of behaviour modification that suits their childbearing in mind the environment and cultural background factors. When a parent chooses to use Positive and negative reinforcement as a way to modify behaviour they are more than likely to get the desired response.  Most parents see a downfall in this aspect because the child will then become conditioned to the response and expect a reward for good behaviour all of the time. When dealing with punishment, there is a thin line between punishment and abuse. Parents should take care not to abuse their children when using punishment as a method of behaviour correction. Use of very harsh mode of punishment may bring depression to the child who will bring discomfort to the child. Most parents like to shy away from this method of reinforcement because they feel that spanking the child will lead to far worse responses. For example, a child throwing a tantrum who then is spanked will possibly have an even worse reaction to the pain rather than recognizing the reason of the discipline.  Extinction is the removal of something to decrease negative behaviour. In comparison to punishment as a method of behaviour, correction extinction is much more effective since the child will be denied their most treasured pleasures whenever they misbehave this ensures that the children behave themselves all the time since they cannot do without various pleasures. Although extinction leaves no physical harm to the child like spanking, some parents prefer this method but can find it hard to use because the child can at some point expect to receive their things back so their behaviour remains good for that moment. Some children might fool their parents that they have changed their behaviour but in the real sense what they need is their normal favours and pleasures back.  Each one of these methods has their positive and negative points. (Payne.S et al.)

In conclusion, it is therefore advisable for parents to choose the technique of behaviour modification that fits best your children. It all comes down to what the child will condition them to do. Positive and negative reinforcement may work for one child whereas punishment may work for another. It depends on how the child conditions themselves, and the culture of the family.

REFERENCES

Work cited

Biederman et al. ". A response to "the negative effects of positive reinforcement in teaching children with developmental delays"." 24 June 2014. Physchological behaviors. 1 August 2018 < http://search.proquest.com>.

Miltenberger, Raymond et aL. Behavior modification: Principles and procedures. . Newyork: Cengage Learning, 2011.

De Graaf, Ireen, et al. "Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on behavioral problems in children." A meta-analysis. Behavior Modification ( 2008): 714-735.

Martin Et al . Behaviour modification: What it is and how to do it . Chicago: Psychology Press, 2015.

Payne.S et al. "POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT AS TREATMENT FOR PROBLEM BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (2013): 699-703.

Shalon, Tadmore et al. Systems and methods for monitoring and modifying behavior. New york, 29 Mar 2011.

Singh, Nirbhay N,et al. "Mindful parenting decreases aggression and increases social behavior in children." Behavior Modification ( 2007): 749-771.

Whitcomb, S. " Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents." Whitcomb, S. Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents. New jearsey: Routledge, 2013. 50-60.

Business Process Improvement Project

Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Goals of the Recruitment Process

The primary goal of this recruitment process is acquisition of the best talent from the existing talent pool in the market. In order to acquire the best talent from the existing talent pool in the market, Talent seek should focus on three main objectives listed below:

i.                    Reduction of the failure rates from the recruitment process

ii.                  Optimization of the recruitment process

iii.                Ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the hiring process

Reduction of Failure Rates from the Recruitment Process

In order to ensure that the corporation attains the best talent from the existing talent pool in the market, Talent Seek should ensure timeliness from the selection process. Timeliness from the selection process reduces frustration from candidates due to lack of feedback while preventing other firms from acquiring the same employees. According to Lussier and Hendon (2017), when candidates don’t get feedback from a hiring organization timely they tend to apply to make application to other companies. In order to improve timeliness from the selection process, Talent Seek should improve time taken in evaluating selected employees results and provide feedback within a maximum of one week. In order to improve time taken in getting back to employees, Talent Seek could make use of recruitment software that scans resumes from the organization’s database as a way of reducing the workload. 

Optimization of the Recruitment Process

            Attainment of the best talent from the existing talent pool entails the use of selection methodologies that evaluate an employee’s knowledge, skills and experience in line with the organization’s needs (Lussier and Hendon). As a result, Talent Seek should subject candidates to a number of interviewing tests which range from interviewing to gauge the candidates knowledge and personality, aptitude test to gauge the candidates’ readiness for the test and proficiency test to gauge the candidates’ level of skill and on job training to streamline the candidates skills to the requirements of the organization.

Ensure effectiveness and efficiency in the hiring process

Effectiveness and efficiency in the hiring process is attributed to the establishment of systems and processes that will improve the quality of the hiring process by reducing the amount of time taken in the hiring process and improving the quality of output from these processes. Improvement of this system will involve breaking down of the hiring process into steps and each step assigned goals. These steps will be include Personality, knowledge and skills, Job readiness and proficiency with each step being independent from all others (Boon et al., 2018).

 SIPOC MAP

Supplier	Input	Process	Output	Customer
Setup of job vacancy at govsource	Vacancy Processing	Interviewing	Generation of hiring letters	Hiring
Talent Source senior recruitment manager and recruitment manager	Recruitment coordinator at Talent Seek	Recruitment panelists	Human resource representatives at Business Analysis and Improvement Team	Human resource representatives or managers
Interested qualified personnel are invited to apply	Checks on candidates credentials are made to determine successful applicants	Job requirements such as qualifications, skills and knowledge are generated.	Successful applicants are provided with hiring letters which state their duties, responsibilities and terms of service	Committed applicants are hired by the Business Analysis and Improvement Team

At Talent Seek, the recruitment managers initiate the supply of human resources to organization by generating job vacancies. Their primary input in evaluating the qualifications of the various candidate to establish successful candidates. Successful candidates undergo an interviewing process that evaluates them on diverse aspects such as skills, knowledge, attitude, job readiness and job proficiency. Successful candidates are also issued with hiring letters which state their jop descriptions and job specifications alongside terms of service. Upon committing themselves to these terms of service, the candidate is hired. 

References

Lussier, R. N., & Hendon, J. R. (2017). Human resource management: Functions, applications, and skill development. Sage publications.

Boon, C., Eckardt, R., Lepak, D. P., &Boselie, P. (2018).Integrating strategic human capital and strategic human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(1), 34-67.